Recovery is an important tool for achieving an appropriate balance between training and competition stresses in maximizing the performance of athletes. Recovery modalities are being widely used as integral parts of the training programs of athletes to help in attaining this balance. This review examines the available evidence on efficacy of various modalities in enhancing recovery in athletic population with regard to their ability to improve the rate of blood lactate removal following high-intensity exercise. Modalities reviewed include massage therapy, contrast water therapy, active recovery, whole-body vibration therapy, pneumatic compression therapy, compression garments, and neuromuscular electrostimulation therapy.

Sports dentistry is one of the most recent and upcoming fields in dentistry. Its main focus is on the prevention and management of athletics-related orofacial injuries. Dental injuries are the most common type of orofacial injury sustained during participation in sports. The most significant aspect in preventing sports-related orofacial injuries is wearing basic protective devices such as properly fitting helmets, face masks, and/or mouthguards. Many athletes are not aware of the health implications of a traumatic injury to the mouth or of the potential for incurring severe head and orofacial injuries while playing. The dentist can play an imperative role in informing athletes, coaches, and patients about the importance of preventing orofacial injuries in sports. The aim of this paper is to increase professional awareness and interest for orientation toward sports dentistry.

Background: Musculoskeletal diseases involving the neck and shoulder regions are the most common occupational disorders around the world. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the determinants of neck and shoulder pain among office workers within two worksites in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects and Methods: A validated standardized questionnaire was distributed to Saudi Aramco employees on May 2006 who were performing office job that used computers for a majority of their daily work. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 15. Results: The study population included 581 office workers, 466 were male (80.2%) and 115 were female (19.8%). Adjusted odds ratio (OR) of neck and shoulder pain during the past 7 days for managerial jobs was 2.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81–5.78). Adjusted OR of neck and shoulder pain during the past 12 months for managerial job was 5.21 (95% CI: 1.52–7.81). The crude OR of neck and shoulder pain ever for managerial job was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.04–2.49), and when this was adjusted for the two determinants of interest and the covariates resulted in an OR of 1.61 (95% CI: 1.02–2.66). The adjusted OR of neck and shoulder pain, for no exercises and smoking and for being women, was statically significant. Conclusion: Office workers in managerial jobs experience more symptoms of neck and shoulder pain compared with workers in nonmanagerial positions. The result also indicated that moderate or regular exercise reduces these symptoms. Smokers and being women experience more neck and shoulder pain.

Objective: The purpose of the present research work was to determine the appropriate timing of ingestion of energy drink prior to exercise to improve VO2 max. Methodology: A total of 15 male healthy individual, whose mean age and height were 20.47 years (±2.00) and 130.83 cm (±17.26) respectively, participated in this study and were placed in three different groups, in Group A they performed Bruce treadmill test without taking any supplement, in Group B they consumed energy drink 20 minutes before performing test and in Group C they consumed same energy drink immediately before performing the test. Results and Analysis: One way ANOVA were applied to analyze the data between all groups and statistical significant differences were found in VO2 max between Group A, Group B and Group C. Conclusion: The finding of this study concluded that ingestion of energy drink before exercise helps in enhancing the VO2 max, but its timing of ingestion does not affect as much since both group B and group C showed relatively similar findings.

Context: In today's healthcare scenario, increased emphasis is being placed on patient centred care and patient satisfaction. Despite its importance, little work has been done to analyse functional outcome related to occupation after trauma. Aims: To evaluate return to work-after one year of major orthopaedic trauma, how patient's satisfaction regarding functional outcome co-relates with other outcome measures. Settings and Design: Institution based prospective study. Materials and Methods: Prospective study of cases admitted randomly through the emergency department at our hospital. The cases were managed as per standard protocols and evaluated at 6 months and 1 year with respect to their ability to resume their previous job. Statistical Analysis Used: Randomised study on patients who met the eligibility criteria. Results: After 6 months, most patients (74%) could not return to work or required job modifications. At 1 year follow up, almost 41% could return to their previous job although another 40% required job modifications. 75 cases at 6 months and another 59 cases at 1 year were lost. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that a number of demographic, occupational, psychosocial, economical, institutional factors are significant predictors of return to work after minor to moderate non-life threatening orthopaedic trauma.

Context: The incidence of spinal cord injury, especially in thoraco-lumbar junction has increased substantially owing to increase in high energy blunt trauma. Since it tends to affect younger population, they become a huge emotional, social and financial problem to the patient and their families. This study evaluates the use of pedicle screw fixation for preservation of remaining spinal cord function, restoration of spinal alignment, and achievement of pain-free fracture site, early mobilization and maximization of neurological recovery. Aims: Assess functional and radiological outcome after pedicle screw fixation and analysing the complications. Settings and Design: Institution based prospective, longitudinal study. Materials and Methods: Pedicle screw fixation of 10 adult patients with unstable thoraco-lumbar spinal trauma and their follow-up. Statistical Analysis Used: Patients evaluated pre and post operatively, both clinically (ASIA scale) and radiologically at regular intervals. Results: Out of 10 patients, according to the ASIA impairment scale, during pre-operative period, 50% were graded as grade A, 20% as grade B, and 30% as C. During last follow up, grade A was 50%, grade B was 10%, C was 20%, D was 20%. 80% of the patients had shown no complications, only pressure sore (20%) and wound dehiscence (10%) were observed in the study group. Conclusions: Pedicle screw fixation is a better option for early ambulation and recovery. It achieves reduction and stability in both anterior and posterior column injuries. Earlier the intervention better the prognosis. Large scale trials are needed to assess the true magnitude of the problem and their management in the developing world.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and pain-free grip strength (PFGS) in participants with lateral epicondylitis (LE). Methods: A total of 22 participants with LE were included in this pre- and post-test study. All participants received 6 weeks of PEMF therapy. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record pain levels, pressure algometer was used to measure PPT in kg/cm², and a handheld dynamometer was used to measure PFGS in kg. Results: All the participants improved following 6 weeks of PEMF therapy. VAS score decreased from 7.82 to 3.11, PPT improved from 2.95 kg/cm² to 4.84 kg/cm², and PFGS improved from 18.6 kg to 22.1 kg. All the outcome measures showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) following pre- and post-comparisons. Conclusion: PEMF treatment was effective in decreasing pain and improving function in participants with LE.

Objective: A retrospective analysis was carried out on the loss of position after initial manipulation of distal radius fractures in elderly patients. Materials and Methods: Forty patients, all above 60 years, were included in the study. Three measurements were taken on the X-rays of the injured wrist at three different occasions. Radial length and radial inclination were measured on the anteroposterior, and volar tilt was measured on the lateral X-ray. X-rays were measured at the time of injury, soon after manipulation and at first follow-up at about a week. The criteria used to label loss of position were loss of 10° in volar tilt, loss of 5° in radial inclination, and loss of 2 mm in radial length. Results: The total number of patients who lost position after manipulation was 17 (42.5%). All the three measurements were lost in 4 (10%) patients, volar tilt was lost in 17 (42.5%) cases, radial length was lost in 15 (37.5%) cases, and radial inclination was lost in 7 (17.5%) cases. Patients who were given a complete cast within 24 h lost position in seven (23.3%) cases. The ten patients whose cast was completed later than 24 h but within a week had all lost their positions. Conclusion: We concluded that elderly patients should be manipulated and not left alone as most of the time adequate reduction can be achieved. The reason for the loss of reduction is more likely related to the use of dorsal slab, and therefore, complete cast or Charnley method of radial slab should always be used.

Introduction: Disability has been known to cause depression in patients and has been proven in various studies. The present study was conducted to see if cervical radiculopathy patients also suffer with depression due to the disability associated with it. Materials and Methods: A total of thirty subjects were included in the present study and were explained about the neck disability index (NDI) and becks depression inventory (BDI) questionnaire and were asked to fill them. The research was done only on those subjects who were diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy. Results: A strong positive correlation (r = 0.57) was seen between neck disability and depression in cervical radiculopathy patients. The analysis was done separately for male and female, in both gender, the correlation became strong positive. Discussion: In the present study, strong positive correlation (r = 0.57) was seen between neck disability (measured using NDI) and depression (measured using BDI) in cervical radiculopathy patients indicating that disability results in depression. Conclusion: A positive correlation was observed in the present study between NDI and BDI scale in cervical radiculopathy patients. Hence, early medical and physiotherapy treatment care have to be taken in cervical radiculopathy patients to reduce neck disability, and the patients with cervical radiculopathy should be suggested counseling for depression as well.

Background: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) provides physiological balance in our body by regulating many bodily functions through its sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Heart rate variability (HRV) is noninvasive method to assess ANS control at sinoatrial node of heart. HRV is derived from variations in heart rate (HR) over time through RR intervals. Aim: This study aims to investigate the correlation between HR and time and frequency domain indices of HRV. Materials and Methods: The study included 32 sedentary young women (20–24 years) from Jamia Millia Islamia, India. Twenty minutes electrocardiograph (ECG) recording was done for HRV analysis and 6 seconds ECG was recorded for HR measurement. Time domain indices of HRV such as SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50, and frequency domain indices of HRV such as total power, low-frequency (LF) power, high-frequency (HF) power, and LF/HF ratio were obtained. Results: There was significant inverse correlation between HR and RMSSD (P = 0.03, r = −0.37) and PNN50 (P = 0.003, r = −0.49) and total power (P = 0.02, r = −0.39). SDNN (P = 0.82, r = −0.03), HF power (P = 0.55, r = −0.10) showed nonsignificant inverse correlation trends with HR. LF power (P = 0.62, r = 0.09) and LF/HF ratio (P = 0.81, r = 0.04) demonstrated nonsignificant linear correlation trend with HR. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that there is an inverse correlation between HRV and HR of sedentary young women. Lower HR is associated with higher HRV and vice versa. Therefore, HR should be taken into consideration when recording HRV. HR may act as a method to quickly assess the function of ANS.

Objective: Sedentary lifestyle has emanated as a new attention for research on exercise and health. The objective of this study was to find the correlation between prolonged sitting (minimum 6–8 h) and tightness of hamstrings in students. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 200 students were taken. Probability sampling was used on random basis to assess the flexibility of hamstring muscles using the straight leg raising (SLR) and active knee extension test. A manual goniometer was used for range measurement. All information was taken on predesigned pro forma. Result: The mean age of 200 students was 20.3 ± 1.63 years. The mean value of SLR was found to be 60.97 ± 10.21, and mean value of popliteal angle was 47.65 ± 8.06. Most of the students, 164 (82%), had tightness according to SLR test. There was a statistically significant difference between the popliteal angle and chair sitting hours (P = 0.010), and an inverse correlation was found between SLR angle and chair sitting hours (r = −0.56, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Tightness of hamstrings is observed in a majority of the students. Long-duration sitting can be a contributory factor in hamstring tightness.

Trauma to the maxillary central incisors is the most common of all dental injuries. Here we are presenting a case of trauma to the maxillary anterior region while playing football. The patient had dentoalveolar fracture and extrusion of the upper central incisors out of their sockets. The upper central incisors of this patient prior to the trauma were proclined and with inadequate lip coverage. In this report we are highlighting the significance of teeth proclination and lip coverage in the predisposition to injury. Proclined anterior teeth with inadequate lip coverage have to be corrected by orthodontic treatment, especially in individuals involved in contact sports.

Although athletic injuries about the hip and groin occur less commonly than injuries in the extremities, adductor muscle strain is one of these most common injuries in athletes who are involved in sports requiring sudden change of direction. High forces occur in the adductor tendons when the athlete must shift direction suddenly in the opposite direction. As a result, the adductor muscles contract to generate opposing forces. An adductor strain that is treated improperly can become chronic and career threatening. Despite the identification of risk factors and strengthening intervention for athletes, adductor strains continue to occur throughout sport. The prevention and management of groin injury remains a substantial issue. The purpose of this article is to let the readers know regarding the conservative treatment options for adductor strain and provide recommendations for sports medicine clinicians for improved treatment and patient outcomes.